FLAT-FILE PROBLEMS SOLVED
Amadeus pro 2 7 3 2371 download free. Data sharing (the absence of ownership) is the central concept of the database approach. Let’s see how this resolves the problems identified.
• No data redundancy. Each data element is stored only once, thereby eliminating data redundancy and reducing storage costs.
Disk graph 2 1 32. • Single update. Because each data element exists in only one place, it requires only a single update pro- cedure. This reduces the time and cost of keeping the database current.
• Current values. A change any user makes to the database yields current data values for all other users. For example, when User 1 records a customer address change, User 3 has immediate access to this cur- rent information.
• Task-data independence. Users have access to the full domain of data available to the firm. As users’ information needs expand beyond their immediate domain, the new needs can be more easily satisfied than under the flat-file approach. Only the limitations of the data available to the firm (the entire data- base) and the legitimacy of their need to access it constrains users.
CONTROLLING ACCESS TO THE DATABASE
The database approach places all the firm’s information eggs in one basket. It is essential, therefore, to take very good care of the basket. The example in Figure 9-2(a) has no provision for controlling access to the database. Assume Data X is sensitive, confidential, or secret information that only User 3 is authorized to access. How can the organization prevent others from gaining unauthorized access to it?
THE DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Figure 9-2(b) adds a new element to Figure 9-2(a). Standing between the users’ programs and the physical database is the database management system (DBMS). The purpose of the DBMS is to provide con- trolled access to the database. The DBMS is a special software system that is programmed to know which data elements each user is authorized to access. The user’s program sends requests for data to the DBMS,
which validates and authorizes access to the database in accordance with the user’s level of authority. The DBMS will deny requests for data that the user is unauthorized to access. As one might imagine, the organization’s criteria, rules, and procedures for assigning user authority are important control issues for accountants to consider.
THREE CONCEPTUAL MODELS
Over the years, several different architectures have represented the database approach. Early database models are as different from modern database models as they were from traditional flat files. The most common database approaches used for business information systems are the hierarchical, the network, and the relational models. Because of certain conceptual similarities, the hierarchical and network databases are termed navigational or structured models. The way that data are organized in these early database sys- tems forces users to navigate between data elements using predefined structured paths. The relational model is far more flexible by allowing users to create new and unique paths through the database to solve a wider range of business problems.
Although their limitations are severe and their ultimate demise is inevitable, hierarchical and network models still exist as legacy systems that support mission-critical functions in some companies. Most modern systems, however, employ relational databases. The main text of the chapter focuses on the relational model. The key features of structured database models are outlined in the chapter appendix.
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